Renaissance Artists. 6 great italian masters
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Until the end, we do not know the technology of the sfumato method. However, it is easy to describe it on the example of the works of its inventor Leonardo da Vinci. This is a very soft transition from light to shadow instead of clear lines. Thanks to this, the image of a person becomes voluminous and more alive. The sfumato method was fully applied by the master in the portrait of Mona Lisa.
Read about it in the article “Leonardo da Vinci and his Mona Lisa. The mystery of the Gioconda, about which little is said.
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Renaissance (Renaissance). Italy. XV-XVI centuries. early capitalism. The country is ruled by wealthy bankers. They are interested in art and science.
The rich and powerful gather the talented and wise around them. Poets, philosophers, painters and sculptors have daily conversations with their patrons. At some point, it seemed that the people were ruled by sages, as Plato wanted.
Remember the ancient Romans and Greeks. They also built a society of free citizens, where the main value is a person (not counting slaves, of course).
The Renaissance is not just copying the art of ancient civilizations. This is a mixture. Mythology and Christianity. Realism of nature and sincerity of images. Beauty physical and spiritual.
It was just a flash. The period of the High Renaissance is about 30 years! From the 1490s to 1527 From the beginning of the flowering of Leonardo's creativity. Before the sack of Rome.
The mirage of an ideal world quickly faded. Italy was too fragile. She was soon enslaved by another dictator.
However, these 30 years determined the main features of European painting for 500 years ahead! Up to impressionists.
Image realism. Anthropocentrism (when the center of the world is Man). Linear perspective. Oil paints. Portrait. Scenery…
Incredibly, in these 30 years, several brilliant masters worked at once. At other times they are born one in 1000 years.
Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian are the titans of the Renaissance. But it is impossible not to mention their two predecessors: Giotto and Masaccio. Without which there would be no Renaissance.
1. Giotto (1267-1337).
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XIV century. Proto-Renaissance. Its main character is Giotto. This is a master who single-handedly revolutionized art. 200 years before the High Renaissance. If not for him, the era that humanity is so proud of would hardly have come.
Before Giotto there were icons and frescoes. They were created according to the Byzantine canons. Faces instead of faces. flat figures. Proportional mismatch. Instead of a landscape - a golden background. As, for example, on this icon.
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And suddenly Giotto's frescoes appear. They have big figures. Faces of noble people. Old and young. Sad. Mournful. Surprised. Different.
Frescoes by Giotto in the Scrovegni Church in Padua (1302-1305). Left: Lamentation of Christ. Middle: Kiss of Judas (detail). Right: Annunciation of St. Anne (Mary's mother), fragment.
The main creation of Giotto is a cycle of his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. When this church opened to parishioners, crowds of people poured into it. They have never seen this.
After all, Giotto did something unprecedented. He translated the biblical stories into a simple, understandable language. And they have become much more accessible to ordinary people.
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This is what will be characteristic of many masters of the Renaissance. Laconism of images. Live emotions of the characters. Realism.
Read more about the frescoes of the master in the article “Giotto. Between the icon and the realism of the Renaissance”.
Giotto was admired. But his innovation was not further developed. The fashion for international gothic came to Italy.
Only after 100 years will a worthy successor to Giotto appear.
2. Masaccio (1401-1428).
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Beginning of the XNUMXth century. The so-called Early Renaissance. Another innovator enters the scene.
Masaccio was the first artist to use linear perspective. It was designed by his friend, the architect Brunelleschi. Now the depicted world has become similar to the real one. Toy architecture is a thing of the past.
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He adopted the realism of Giotto. However, unlike his predecessor, he already knew anatomy well.
Instead of blocky characters, Giotto is beautifully built people. Just like the ancient Greeks.
The fresco is also mentioned in the article “Frescoes by Giotto. Between the icon and the realism of the Renaissance”.
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Masaccio also added expressiveness not only to faces, but also to bodies. We already read people's emotions by postures and gestures. Like, for example, the male despair of Adam and the female shame of Eve on his most famous fresco.
The fresco is also mentioned in the article “Frescoes by Giotto. Between the icon and the realism of the Renaissance”.
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Masaccio lived a short life. He died, like his father, unexpectedly. At 27 years old.
However, he had many followers. Masters of the following generations went to the Brancacci Chapel to learn from his frescoes.
So the innovation of Masaccio was picked up by all the great artists of the High Renaissance.
Read about the fresco of the master in the article “Expulsion from Paradise” by Masaccio. Why is this a masterpiece?
3. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).
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Leonardo da Vinci is one of the titans of the Renaissance. He greatly influenced the development of painting.
It was da Vinci who raised the status of the artist himself. Thanks to him, representatives of this profession are no longer just artisans. These are the creators and aristocrats of the spirit.
Leonardo made a breakthrough primarily in portraiture.
He believed that nothing should distract from the main image. The eye should not wander from one detail to another. This is how his famous portraits appeared. Concise. Harmonious.
Read about it in the article “Leonardo da Vinci and his Mona Lisa. The mystery of the Gioconda, about which little is said.
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The main innovation of Leonardo is that he found a way to make the images ... alive.
Before him, the characters in the portraits looked like mannequins. The lines were clear. All details are carefully drawn. A painted drawing could not possibly be alive.
Leonardo invented the sfumato method. He blurred the lines. Made the transition from light to shadow very soft. His characters seem to be covered in a barely perceptible haze. The characters came to life.
Look for the answer in the article “Leonardo da Vinci and his Mona Lisa. The mystery of the Gioconda, about which little is said.
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Sfumato will enter the active vocabulary of all the great artists of the future.
Often there is an opinion that Leonardo, of course, a genius, but did not know how to bring anything to the end. And he often didn't finish painting. And many of his projects remained on paper (by the way, in 24 volumes). In general, he was thrown into medicine, then into music. Even the art of serving at one time was fond of.
However, think for yourself. 19 paintings - and he is the greatest artist of all times and peoples. And someone is not even close to greatness, while writing 6000 canvases in a lifetime. Obviously, who has a higher efficiency.
Read about the most famous painting of the master in the article Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. The mystery of the Mona Lisa, which is little talked about”.
4. Michelangelo (1475-1564).
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Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor. But he was a universal master. Like his other Renaissance colleagues. Therefore, his pictorial heritage is no less grandiose.
He is recognizable primarily by physically developed characters. He depicted a perfect man in whom physical beauty means spiritual beauty.
Therefore, all his characters are so muscular, hardy. Even women and old people.
Michelangelo. Fragments of the Last Judgment fresco in the Sistine Chapel, Vatican.
Often Michelangelo painted the character naked. And then I added clothes on top. To make the body as embossed as possible.
He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel alone. Although this is a few hundred figures! He didn't even let anyone rub the paint. Yes, he was unsociable. He had a tough and quarrelsome personality. But most of all, he was dissatisfied with ... himself.
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Michelangelo lived a long life. Survived the decline of the Renaissance. For him it was a personal tragedy. His later works are full of sadness and sorrow.
In general, the creative path of Michelangelo is unique. His early works are the praise of the human hero. Free and courageous. In the best traditions of Ancient Greece. Like his David.
In the last years of life - these are tragic images. A deliberately rough-hewn stone. As if before us are monuments to the victims of fascism of the XNUMXth century. Look at his "Pieta".
Sculptures by Michelangelo at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. Left: David. 1504 Right: Pieta of Palestrina. 1555
How is this possible? One artist went through all the stages of art from the Renaissance to the XNUMXth century in one lifetime. What will the next generations do? Go your own way. Knowing that the bar has been set very high.
5. Raphael (1483-1520).
Read about Raphael in the article “The Renaissance. 6 great Italian masters”.
Read about his most famous Madonnas in the article “Madonnas by Raphael. 5 most beautiful faces.
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Raphael has never been forgotten. His genius was always recognized: both during life and after death.
His characters are endowed with sensual, lyrical beauty. It was his Madonnas are rightfully considered the most beautiful female images ever created. External beauty reflects the spiritual beauty of the heroines. Their meekness. Their sacrifice.
Read about the painting in the articles
“Sistine Madonna by Raphael. Why is this a masterpiece?
Raphael's Madonnas. 5 most beautiful faces.
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The famous words “Beauty will save the world” Fyodor Dostoevsky said precisely about Sistine Madonna. It was his favorite picture.
However, sensual images are not the only strong point of Raphael. He thought very carefully about the composition of his paintings. He was an unsurpassed architect in painting. Moreover, he always found the simplest and most harmonious solution in the organization of space. It seems that it cannot be otherwise.
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Rafael lived only 37 years. He died suddenly. From caught colds and medical errors. But his legacy cannot be overestimated. Many artists idolized this master. And they multiplied his sensual images in thousands of their canvases.
Read about the most famous paintings of Raphael in the article “Portraits of Raphael. Friends, lovers, patrons.”
6. Titian (1488-1576).
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Titian was an unsurpassed colorist. He also experimented a lot with composition. In general, he was a daring innovator.
For such a brilliance of talent, everyone loved him. Called "the king of painters and the painter of kings."
Speaking of Titian, I want to put an exclamation point after each sentence. After all, it was he who brought dynamics to painting. Pathos. Enthusiasm. Bright color. Shine of colors.
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Towards the end of his life, he developed an unusual writing technique. The strokes are fast and thick. The paint was applied either with a brush or with fingers. From this - the images are even more alive, breathing. And the plots are even more dynamic and dramatic.
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Doesn't this remind you of anything? Of course it's a technique. Rubens. And the technique of artists of the XIX century: Barbizon and impressionists. Titian, like Michelangelo, will go through 500 years of painting in one lifetime. That's why he's a genius.
Read about the famous masterpiece of the master in the article “Venus of Urbino Titian. 5 unusual facts”.
Renaissance artists are the owners of great knowledge. To leave such a legacy, it was necessary to study a lot. In the field of history, astrology, physics and so on.
Therefore, each of their images makes us think. Why is it shown? What is the encrypted message here?
They are almost never wrong. Because they thoroughly thought out their future work. They used all the baggage of their knowledge.
They were more than artists. They were philosophers. They explained the world to us through painting.
That is why they will always be deeply interesting to us.
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